@article{McQue:2025,
	author = {Katie McQue},
	date-added = {2025-08-27 16:58:30 -0400},
	date-modified = {2025-08-27 16:59:57 -0400},
	journal = {The Guardian},
	keywords = {Tor},
	month = {August 25,},
	title = {{Privacy at a cost: the dark web's main browser helps pedophile networks flourish, experts say}},
	url = {https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/aug/25/tor-network-child-sexual-abuse},
	year = {2025}}

@article{RodriguezBarredo-Valenzuela:2025,
	author = {Alfonso Rodriguez Barredo-Valenzuela and Sergio Pastrana and Guillermo Suarez-Tangil},
	doi = {10.1109/TIFS.2025.3573662},
	journal = {IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security},
	keywords = {Tor},
	pages = {5386--5395},
	title = {{Snorkeling in Dark Waters: A Longitudinal Surface Exploration of Unique Tor Hidden Services}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/TIFS.2025.3573662},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2025}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-District-of-South-Dakota:2025,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, District of South Dakota}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-sd/pr/beresford-man-sentenced-over-33-years-federal-prison-receipt-and-distribution-child}},
	keywords = {Theodore John Jungbauer, Tor},
	month = {March 11,},
	title = {{Beresford Man Sentenced to Over 33 Years in Federal Prison for Receipt and Distribution of Child Pornography}},
	year = {2025}}

@misc{Department-of-Justice:2025-myran,
	author = {{U.S. Department of Justice}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/minnesota-man-sentenced-advertising-and-distributing-images-child-sexual-abuse-over-dark-web}},
	keywords = {Craig James Myran, Tor},
	month = {April 2,},
	title = {{Minnesota Man Sentenced for Advertising and Distributing Images of Child Sexual Abuse over the Dark Web}},
	year = {2025}}

@misc{ICE-HSI:2025-posey,
	author = {{U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.ice.gov/news/releases/hsi-investigation-leads-15-year-sentence-dark-web-moderator-advertising-child-sexual}},
	keywords = {Michael Posey, Tor},
	month = {January 22,},
	title = {{HSI investigation leads to 15-year sentence for dark web moderator advertising child sexual abuse material}},
	year = {2025}}

@misc{ICE-HSI:2025-allison,
	author = {{U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.ice.gov/news/releases/kentucky-man-sentenced-15-years-advertising-child-exploitation-material}},
	keywords = {Scott Allison, Tor},
	title = {{Kentucky Man Sentenced to 15 Years for Advertising Child Exploitation Material}},
	year = {2025}}

@misc{Department-of-Justice:2025-katsampes,
	author = {{U.S. Department of Justice}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/operation-grayskull-culminates-lengthy-sentences-managers-dark-web-site-dedicated-sexual}},
	keywords = {Thomas Peter Katsampes, Tor},
	month = {July 23,},
	title = {{Operation Grayskull Culminates in Lengthy Sentences for Managers of Dark Web Site Dedicated to Sexual Abuse of Children}},
	year = {2025}}

@misc{Department-of-Justice:2025-gailus,
	author = {{U.S. Department of Justice}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/repeat-offender-sentenced-10-years-possession-child-sexual-abuse-material}},
	keywords = {Thomas Edward Gailus, Tor},
	month = {September 8,},
	title = {{Repeat Offender Sentenced to 10 Years for Possession of Child Sexual Abuse Material}},
	year = {2025}}

@misc{ICE-HSI:2025-desco,
	author = {{U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.ice.gov/news/releases/waterford-resident-and-registered-sex-offender-sentenced-50-years-federal-prison}},
	keywords = {Jostin Arthur Desco, Tor},
	title = {{Waterford resident and registered sex offender sentenced to 50 years in federal prison for sexual exploitation of several children following ICE HSI investigation}},
	year = {2025}}

@misc{Euronews:2026-norway,
	author = {Gavin Blackburn},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2026/07/08/norway-police-says-28-people-arrested-in-international-child-porn-crackdown}},
	journal = {Euronews},
	keywords = {Tor, Kripos},
	month = {July 8,},
	title = {{Norway police says 28 people arrested in international child porn crackdown}},
	year = {2026}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-Southern-District-of-Ohio:2025,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, Southern District of Ohio}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdoh/pr/columbus-man-sentenced-25-years-prison-exploiting-minor}},
	keywords = {Arturo Navarrete-Juarez, Tor},
	month = {March 18,},
	title = {{Columbus man sentenced to 25 years in prison for exploiting minor}},
	year = {2025}}

@article{Pratt:2019,
	author = {Pat Pratt},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.columbiatribune.com/story/news/crime/2019/07/25/columbia-man-pleads-guilty-to/4609944007/}},
	journal = {Columbia Daily Tribune},
	keywords = {Freenet, Nicholas Alexander Ross},
	month = {July 25,},
	title = {{Columbia man pleads guilty to child porn charges}},
	year = {2019}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-Northern-District-of-New-York:2023aa,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, Northern District of New York}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndny/pr/texas-man-pleads-guilty-transportation-and-possession-child-pornography}},
	keywords = {Philip Koester, Freenet},
	month = {May 5,},
	title = {{Texas Man Pleads Guilty to Transportation and Possession of Child Pornography}},
	year = {2023}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-Western-District-of-Virginia:2025a,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, Western District of Virginia}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-wdva/pr/former-communications-professor-virginia-tech-sentenced-prison-time-possession-child}},
	keywords = {Michael Horning, Freenet},
	month = {January 21,},
	title = {{Former Communications Professor at Virginia Tech Sentenced to Prison Time for Possession of Child Pornography}},
	year = {2025}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-Western-District-of-Virginia:2023a,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, Western District of Virginia}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-wdva/pr/covington-man-serve-nine-years-possession-child-sex-abuse-material}},
	keywords = {Jerald Gray, Freenet},
	month = {July 12,},
	title = {{Covington Man to Serve Nine Years for Possession of Child Sex Abuse Material}},
	year = {2023}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-Western-District-of-Arkansas:2024aa,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, Western District of Arkansas}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-wdar/pr/two-arkansas-men-sentenced-combined-20-years-federal-prison-child-pornography-offenses}},
	keywords = {Lyle Kenneth Smith, Freenet},
	month = {January 12,},
	title = {{Two Arkansas Men Sentenced to a Combined 20 Years in Federal Prison for Child Pornography Offenses}},
	year = {2024}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-District-of-Nebraska:2024a,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, District of Nebraska}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-ne/pr/norfolk-man-sentenced-30-years-prison-production-child-pornography}},
	keywords = {Estefan Bernardino Chavez, Tor},
	month = {June 6,},
	title = {{Norfolk Man Sentenced to 30 Years in Prison for Production of Child Pornography}},
	year = {2024}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-Eastern-District-of-California:2024aa,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, Eastern District of California}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-edca/pr/sacramento-sex-offender-pleads-guilty-distributing-child-pornography-dark-web}},
	keywords = {Louis Donald Mendonsa, Tor},
	month = {April 11,},
	title = {{Sacramento Sex Offender Pleads Guilty to Distributing Child Pornography on the Dark Web}},
	year = {2024}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-Southern-District-of-Ohio:2024aa,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, Southern District of Ohio}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdoh/pr/columbus-ohio-man-pleads-guilty-exploiting-minor-videos-rape}},
	keywords = {Arturo Navarrete-Juarez, Tor},
	month = {July 22,},
	title = {{Columbus, Ohio man pleads guilty to exploiting minor via videos of rape}},
	year = {2024}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-Western-District-of-New-York:2024aa,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, Western District of New York}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-wdny/pr/cheektowaga-man-pleads-guilty-child-pornography-charge-0}},
	keywords = {John Stuart, Tor},
	month = {August 1,},
	title = {{Cheektowaga man pleads guilty to child pornography charge}},
	year = {2024}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-Eastern-District-of-North-Carolina:2024aa,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, Eastern District of North Carolina}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-ednc/pr/nevada-man-sentenced-eight-years-prison-child-pornography-offenses}},
	keywords = {Sean Paul Holt, Tor},
	month = {January 24,},
	title = {{Nevada Man Sentenced to Eight Years in Prison for Child Pornography Offenses}},
	year = {2024}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-District-of-Nebraska:2023c,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, District of Nebraska}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-ne/pr/grand-island-man-sentenced-60-years-conspiracy-produce-child-pornography-and-production}},
	keywords = {Scott Matthew Simmons, Tor},
	month = {July 7,},
	title = {{Grand Island Man Sentenced to 60 Years for Conspiracy to Produce Child Pornography and Production of Child Pornography}},
	year = {2023}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-Western-District-of-Pennsylvania:2023a,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, Western District of Pennsylvania}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-wdpa/pr/new-kensington-resident-sentenced-300-months-prison-child-exploitation-offenses}},
	keywords = {Robert Pacek, Tor},
	month = {November 17,},
	title = {{New Kensington Resident Sentenced to 300 Months in Prison for Child Exploitation Offenses}},
	year = {2023}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-District-of-Nebraska:2023b,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, District of Nebraska}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-ne/pr/grand-island-man-sentenced-52-years-conspiracy-produce-child-pornography-and-production}},
	keywords = {Scott Lee Meyer, Tor},
	month = {December 1,},
	title = {{Grand Island Man Sentenced to 52 Years for Conspiracy to Produce Child Pornography and Production of Child Pornography}},
	year = {2023}}

@article{Nurmi:2024,
	author = {Juha Nurmi and Arttu Paju and Brumley, {Billy Bob} and Tegan Insoll and Ovaska, {Anna K.} and Valeriia Soloveva and Nina Vaaranen-Valkonen and Mikko Aaltonen and David Arroyo},
	doi = {10.1038/s41598-024-58346-7},
	issn = {2045-2322},
	journal = {Scientific Reports},
	number = {1},
	publisher = {Nature Research},
	title = {Investigating child sexual abuse material availability, searches, and users on the anonymous Tor network for a public health intervention strategy},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-58346-7},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2024}}

@article{Divakarmurthy:2024aa,
	author = {Divakarmurthy, Pramod and Requi{\~a}o da Cunha, Bruno and Passold, Jean Fernando and Oliveira, Marcos and Menezes, Ronaldo},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0306516},
	journal = {PLoS One},
	number = {7},
	pages = {e0306516},
	title = {{Unravelling the dynamics of child sexual exploitation material circulation on the Dark Web}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0306516},
	volume = {19},
	year = {2024}}

@article{Figueras-Martin:2022aa,
	abstract = {The World Wide Web is the most widely used service on the Internet, although only a small part of it, the Surface Web, is indexed and accessible. The rest of the content, the Deep Web, is split between that unable to be indexed by usual search engines and content that needs to be accessed through specific methods and techniques. The latter is deployed in the so-called darknets, which have been the subject of much less study, where anonymity and privacy security services are preserved. Although there are several darknets, Tor is the most well-known and widely analyzed. Hence, the current work presents an analysis of web site connectivity, relationships and content of one of the less known and explored darknets: Freenet. Given the special features of this study, a new crawling tool, called c4darknet, was developed for the purpose of this work. This tool is, in turn, used in the experimentation that was carried out in a real distributed environment. Our results can be summarized as follows: there is great general availability of websites on Freenet; there are significant nodes within the network connectivity structure; and underage porn or child pornography is predominant among illegal content. Finally, the outcomes are compared against a similar study for the I2P darknet, showing special features and differences between both darknets.},
	author = {Emilio Figueras-Mart{\'\i}n and Roberto Mag{\'a}n-Carri{\'o}n and Juan Boubeta-Puig},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jisa.2022.103229},
	issn = {2214-2126},
	journal = {Journal of Information Security and Applications},
	keywords = {Freenet},
	pages = {103229},
	title = {Drawing the web structure and content analysis beyond the Tor darknet: Freenet as a case of study},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jisa.2022.103229},
	volume = {68},
	year = {2022}}

@inbook{Ball2023,
	author = {Ball, Matthew and Broadhurst, Roderic},
	booktitle = {Fieldwork Experiences in Criminology and Security Studies: Methods, Ethics, and Emotions},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-41574-6_28},
	editor = {D{\'\i}az-Fern{\'a}ndez, Antonio M. and Del-Real, Cristina and Molnar, Lorena},
	howpublished = {\url{https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41574-6_28}},
	isbn = {978-3-031-41574-6},
	pages = {535--551},
	publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
	title = {Hidden Platforms for Cybercrime: Experiences Investigating Darknet Services},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41574-6_28},
	year = {2023}}

@article{Gannon:2023,
	author = {Colm Gannon and Arjan A. J. Blokland and Salla Huikuri and Kelly M. Babchishin and Robert J. B. Lehmann},
	doi = {10.1007/s11757-023-00790-8},
	journal = {Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie},
	keywords = {Tor},
	number = {4},
	pages = {353--365},
	title = {{Child sexual abuse material on the darknet}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11757-023-00790-8},
	volume = {17},
	year = {2023}}

@article{Jardine:2020aa,
	author = {Eric Jardine and Andrew M. Lindner and Gareth Owenson},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2011893117}},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	number = {50},
	pages = {31716-31721},
	title = {The potential harms of the Tor anonymity network cluster disproportionately in free countries},
	volume = {117},
	year = {2020}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-District-of-Nebraska:2022,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, District of Nebraska}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-ne/pr/lincoln-man-sentenced-21-12-years-prison-production-child-pornography}},
	keywords = {Matt Tibbels, Freenet},
	month = {August 5,},
	title = {Lincoln Man Sentenced to 21 1/2 Years in Prison for Production of Child Pornography},
	year = {2022}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-Northern-District-of-Iowa:2023,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, Northern District of Iowa}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndia/pr/farnhamville-iowa-man-sentenced-over-5-years-federal-prison-possession-child}},
	keywords = {Marcus Urelius, Freenet},
	month = {June 1,},
	title = {Farnhamville, Iowa, Man Sentenced to Over 5 Years in Federal Prison for Possession of Child Pornography},
	year = {2023}}

@misc{The-Daily-Jeffersonian:2023,
	author = {{The Daily Jeffersonian}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.daily-jeff.com/story/news/crime/2023/01/26/noble-county-man-sentenced-for-distribution-of-child-pornography/69835585007/}},
	keywords = {Terry Lee Thomas, Tor},
	month = {January 26,},
	title = {Noble County man sentenced for distribution of child pornography},
	year = {2023}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-District-of-Nebraska:2023a,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, District of Nebraska}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-ne/pr/lincoln-man-sentenced-14-years-possession-child-pornography}},
	keywords = {John Wade Burton, Tor},
	month = {June 30,},
	title = {Lincoln Man Sentenced to 14 Years for Possession of Child Pornography},
	year = {2023}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-Eastern-District-of-California:2022,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, Eastern District of California}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-edca/pr/fresno-man-sentenced-over-11-years-prison-receipt-and-distribution-child-pornography}},
	keywords = {Steven Dale Jones, Tor},
	month = {April 11,},
	title = {Fresno Man Sentenced to over 11 Years in Prison for Receipt and Distribution of Child Pornography},
	year = {2022}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-Northern-District-of-Texas:2016,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, Northern District of Texas}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndtx/pr/garland-man-sentenced-serve-total-30-years-federal-prison-child-pornography-and-firearm}},
	keywords = {Brandon Gregory Leal, Tor},
	month = {August 16,},
	title = {Garland Man Sentenced to Serve a Total of 30 Years in Federal Prison on Child Pornography and Firearm Charges},
	year = {2016}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-Southern-District-of-Ohio:2017,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, Southern District of Ohio}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdoh/pr/anna-man-pleads-guilty-creating-pornography-rape-infant-child-10-teens}},
	keywords = {Robert Steven Jones, Tor},
	month = {September 25,},
	title = {Anna Man Pleads Guilty to Creating Pornography From Rape of Infant, Child & 10 Teens},
	year = {2017}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-Eastern-District-of-Washington:2014,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, Eastern District of Washington}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-edwa/pr/moses-lake-man-sentenced-five-years-federal-prison-distribution-eleven-child}},
	keywords = {Benjamin James Brekke, Tor},
	month = {May 21,},
	title = {Moses Lake Man Sentenced To Five Years In Federal Prison For Distribution Of Eleven Child Pornography Images},
	year = {2014}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-District-of-Connecticut:2020,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, District of Connecticut}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-ct/pr/navy-mechanic-admits-sexually-assaulting-7-young-girls-producing-child-pornography}},
	keywords = {Randall Tilton, Tor},
	month = {December 7,},
	title = {Navy Mechanic Admits Sexually Assaulting 7 Young Girls, Producing Child Pornography},
	year = {2020}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-Central-District-of-Illinois:2017a,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, Central District of Illinois}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-cdil/pr/mclean-county-man-sentenced-5-12-years-prison-receiving-child-pornography}},
	keywords = {Braman Benjamin Broy, Tor},
	month = {July 13,},
	title = {McLean County Man Sentenced to 5 1/2 Years in Prison for Receiving Child Pornography},
	year = {2017}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-Central-District-of-Illinois:2017,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, Central District of Illinois}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-cdil/pr/mclean-county-man-sentenced-five-years-prison-receiving-child-pornography}},
	keywords = {Stephen F. Croker, Tor},
	month = {June 22,},
	title = {McLean County Man Sentenced to Five Years in Prison for Receiving Child Pornography},
	year = {2017}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-District-of-Alaska:2019,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, District of Alaska}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-ak/pr/anchorage-man-sentenced-federal-prison-distribution-child-pornography}},
	keywords = {Michael John Collier, Tor},
	month = {April 26,},
	title = {Anchorage Man Sentenced to Federal Prison for Distribution of Child Pornography},
	year = {2019}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-Northern-District-of-Alabama:2021,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, Northern District of Alabama}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndal/pr/jefferson-county-man-sentenced-6-years-prison-possession-child-pornography}},
	keywords = {James Curtis Brasher, Tor},
	month = {May 20,},
	title = {Jefferson County Man Sentenced to 6 ½ Years in Prison for Possession of Child Pornography},
	year = {2021}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-District-of-Nebraska:2021,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, District of Nebraska}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-ne/pr/omaha-man-gets-120-months-imprisonment-possessing-child-pornography}},
	keywords = {Tevin R. King, Tor},
	month = {September 3,},
	title = {Omaha Man Gets 120 Months' Imprisonment for Possessing Child Pornography},
	year = {2021}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-Northern-District-of-California:2017,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, Northern District of California}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndca/pr/richmond-man-sentenced-108-months-prison-possession-child-pornography}},
	keywords = {Dumaka Hammond , Tor},
	month = {August 2,},
	title = {Richmond Man Sentenced To 108 Months In Prison For Possession Of Child Pornography},
	year = {2017}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-Eastern-District-of-Kentucky:2021,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, Eastern District of Kentucky}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-edky/pr/middlesboro-man-sentenced-300-months-child-pornography-offenses}},
	keywords = {Robert Christopher England, Tor},
	month = {March 16,},
	title = {Middlesboro Man Sentenced to 300 Months for Child Pornography Offenses},
	year = {2021}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-Western-District-of-North-Carolina:2018,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, Western District of North Carolina}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-wdnc/pr/asheville-nc-man-sentenced-nine-years-possessing-and-receiving-child-pornography-dark}},
	keywords = {Carl Jack Hall, Tor},
	month = {August 30,},
	title = {Asheville, N.C. Man Sentenced To Nine Years For Possessing And Receiving Child Pornography From The Dark Web},
	year = {2018}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-Northern-District-of-Texas:2017,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, Northern District of Texas}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndtx/pr/burleson-man-sentenced-child-pornography-charges}},
	keywords = {Daryl Glenn Pawlak, Tor},
	month = {November 9,},
	title = {Burleson man sentenced on child pornography charges},
	year = {2017}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-District-of-North-Dakota:2016,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, District of North Dakota}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-nd/pr/united-kingdom-man-sentenced-his-role-child-exploitation}},
	keywords = {Simon William Riley, Tor},
	month = {September 6,},
	title = {United Kingdom Man Sentenced for His Role in Child Exploitation},
	year = {2016}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-Central-District-of-California:2022a,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, Central District of California}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-cdca/pr/south-bay-man-sentenced-life-prison-creating-child-sexual-abuse-material-young-children}},
	keywords = {Arlan Wesley Harrell, Tor},
	month = {February 18,},
	title = {South Bay Man Sentenced to Life in Prison for Creating Child Sexual Abuse Material of Young Children and Engaging in a Child Exploitation Enterprise},
	year = {2022}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-Central-District-of-California:2022,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, Central District of California}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-cdca/pr/fresno-man-sentenced-life-prison-engaging-child-exploitation-enterprise-and-creating}},
	keywords = {John Richard Brinson Jr., Tor},
	month = {April 22,},
	title = {Fresno Man Sentenced to Life in Prison for Engaging in a Child Exploitation Enterprise and Creating Child Sexual Abuse Material},
	year = {2022}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-Southern-District-of-Texas:2019,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, Southern District of Texas}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdtx/pr/houston-man-hammered-producing-child-pornography}},
	keywords = {John Ferguson, Tor},
	month = {April 17,},
	title = {Houston Man Hammered for Producing Child Pornography},
	year = {2019}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-Western-District-of-New-York:2022,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, Western District of New York}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-wdny/pr/alden-man-going-prison-child-pornography-charge}},
	keywords = {Brandon Kidder, Tor},
	month = {March 15,},
	title = {Alden Man Going To Prison On Child Pornography Charge},
	year = {2022}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-Southern-District-of-Texas:2017,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, Southern District of Texas}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdtx/pr/former-dea-agent-sent-prison-child-pornography-charges}},
	keywords = {James Patrick Burke, Tor},
	month = {April 6,},
	title = {Former DEA Agent Sent to Prison on Child Pornography Charges},
	year = {2017}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-Southern-District-of-Texas-:2016,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, Southern District of Texas }},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdtx/pr/former-pearland-physician-sentenced-child-pornography-charges}},
	keywords = {Dennis Patrick Meehan Hughes, Tor},
	month = {December 5,},
	title = {Former Pearland Physician Sentenced on Child Pornography Charges},
	year = {2016}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-District-of-Maryland:2021,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, District of Maryland}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-md/pr/district-heights-man-sentenced-45-years-federal-prison-sexual-abuse-two-year-old-and}},
	keywords = {Brian Anthony Gilbert, Tor},
	month = {December 8,},
	title = {District Heights Man Sentenced to 45 Years in Federal Prison for the Sexual Abuse of a Two-Year-Old and Seven-Year-Old Child in Order to Produce Child Pornography},
	year = {2021}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-Eastern-District-of-California:2017,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, Eastern District of California}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-edca/pr/oroville-man-sentenced-14-years-prison-receiving-child-pornography-dark-web}},
	keywords = {Jason Sebastian Sparks, Tor},
	month = {December 5,},
	title = {Oroville Man Sentenced To 14 Years In Prison For Receiving Child Pornography From The Dark Web},
	year = {2017}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-District-of-Colorado:2021,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, District of Colorado}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-co/pr/colorado-springs-man-sentenced-20-years-federal-prison-producing-child-pornography}},
	keywords = {Gregory Lopez, Tor},
	month = {December 3,},
	title = {Colorado Springs Man Sentenced to 20 Years in Federal Prison for Producing Child Pornography},
	year = {2021}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-District-of-Connecticut:2022,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, District of Connecticut}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-ct/pr/former-morris-resident-sentenced-5-years-federal-prison-child-exploitation-offense}},
	keywords = {Kevin Curley, Tor},
	month = {October 7,},
	title = {Former Morris Resident Sentenced to 5 Years in Federal Prison for Child Exploitation Offense},
	year = {2022}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-Southern-District-of-Iowa:2018,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, Southern District of Iowa}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdia/pr/council-bluffs-man-sentenced-receipt-child-pornography}},
	keywords = {Beau Croghan, Tor},
	month = {December 10,},
	title = {Council Bluffs Man Sentenced for Receipt of Child Pornography},
	year = {2018}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-Eastern-District-of-Kentucky:2018,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, Eastern District of Kentucky}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-edky/pr/pikeville-man-sentenced-87-months-receiving-child-pornography}},
	keywords = {Craig T. Anderson, Tor},
	month = {January 3,},
	title = {Pikeville Man Sentenced To 87 Months For Receiving Child Pornography},
	year = {2018}}

@misc{Natstrat:2010,
	author = {{U.S.\ Dept.\ of Justice}},
	howpublished = {\url{http://www.projectsafechildhood.gov/docs/natstrategyreport.pdf} pages 19--22},
	month = {August},
	title = {{The National Strategy for Child Exploitation Prevention and Interdiction: A Report to Congress}},
	year = {2010}}

@misc{U.S.-Dept.-of-Justice:2010,
	author = {{U.S.\ Dept.\ of Justice}},
	howpublished = {\url{http://www.projectsafechildhood.gov/docs/natstrategyreport.pdf} pages 19--22},
	month = {August},
	title = {{The National Strategy for Child Exploitation Prevention and Interdiction: A Report to Congress}},
	year = {2010}}

@inproceedings{Aked:2011,
	author = {Symon Aked},
	booktitle = {Proc.\ 9th Australian Information Security Management Conference},
	keywords = {i2p, Tor, freenet},
	month = {December},
	title = {An investigation into darknets and the content available via anonymous peer-to-peer file sharing (doi: 10.4225/75/57b52857cd8b3)},
	year = {2011}}

@phdthesis{Portnoff:2018,
	author = {Rebecca Portnoff},
	month = {March},
	school = {Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California at Berkeley},
	title = {The Dark Net: De-Anonymization, Classification and Analysis \url{ http://www2.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/2018/EECS-2018-5.html}},
	year = {2018}}

@misc{Department-of-Justice-Office-of-Public-Affairs:2019a,
	author = {{Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/former-employee-dc-school-admits-transporting-child-pornography-across-state-lines-and}},
	keywords = {Paul Joseph Wilson, Tor},
	month = {April 5,},
	title = {Former Employee of D.C. School Admits to Transporting Child Pornography Across State Lines and Accessing it Over the Dark Web},
	year = {2019}}

@misc{Department-of-Justice-Office-of-Public-Affairs:2019,
	author = {{Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/texas-man-pleads-guilty-child-exploitation-violations}},
	keywords = {Alexander Nathan Barter, Tor},
	month = {December 20,},
	title = {Texas Man Pleads Guilty to Child Exploitation Violations},
	year = {2019}}

@misc{Department-of-Justice-Office-of-Public-Affairs:2020,
	author = {{Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/dark-web-child-pornography-facilitator-pleads-guilty-conspiracy-advertise-child-pornography}},
	keywords = {Eric Eoin Marques, Tor, Freedom Hosting},
	month = {February 6,},
	title = {Dark Web Child Pornography Facilitator Pleads Guilty to Conspiracy to Advertise Child Pornography Hosting Service Contained Over 8.5 Million Images of Child Exploitation Material},
	year = {2020}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-District-of-Nevada:2020,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, District of Nevada}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-nv/pr/argentine-citizen-sentenced-35-years-prison-child-sexual-exploitation-and-distribution}},
	keywords = {Andres Rafael Viola, Tor},
	month = {September 16,},
	title = {Argentine Citizen Sentenced To 35 Years In Prison For Child Sexual Exploitation And Distribution Of Child Pornography Over The Dark Web},
	year = {2020}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-District-of-Colorado:2017,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's, Office District of Colorado}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-co/pr/fbi-and-us-attorneys-office-continue-fight-against-child-pornography}},
	keywords = {David Eugene Reed, Tor},
	month = {May 9,},
	title = {FBI and the U.S. Attorney's Office Continue to Fight Against Child Pornography Five recent cases net the recovery of hundreds of thousands of child pornography images, some found in the possession of previously convicted sex offenders},
	year = {2017}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-Northern-District-of-New-York:2018,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, Northern District of New York}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndny/pr/morrisville-man-sentenced-90-months-child-pornography-offenses}},
	keywords = {Michael Caraher, Tor},
	month = {February 16,},
	title = {Morrisville Man Sentenced to 90 Months For Child Pornography Offenses},
	year = {2018}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-Northern-District-of-Ohio:2020,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, Northern District of Ohio}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndoh/pr/richland-county-boy-scout-official-sentenced-30-years-prison-sexually-exploiting}},
	keywords = {Thomas Close, Tor},
	month = {January 15,},
	title = {Richland County Boy Scout official sentenced to 30 years of prison for sexually exploiting children as well as receiving and distributing child pornography},
	year = {2020}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-District-of-Maryland:2020,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, District of Maryland}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-md/pr/former-baltimore-police-officer-sentenced-more-six-years-prison-federal-charge-possession}},
	keywords = {James Robert Wissmann, Tor},
	month = {October 15,},
	title = {Former Baltimore Police Officer Sentenced to More Than Six Years in Prison for Federal Charge of Possession of Child Pornography},
	year = {2020}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-Eastern-District-of-Virginia:2019,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, Eastern District of Virginia}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-edva/pr/air-force-colonel-pleads-guilty-receiving-child-pornography-0}},
	keywords = {Mark Visconi, Tor},
	month = {October 4,},
	title = {Air Force Colonel Pleads Guilty to Receiving Child Pornography},
	year = {2019}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-District-of-Colorado:2018,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, District of Colorado}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-co/pr/colorado-man-sentenced-production-child-pornography}},
	keywords = {Alexander Isaiah Perez, Tor},
	month = {November 8,},
	title = {Colorado Man Sentenced For Production Of Child Pornography},
	year = {2018}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-District-of-Alaska:2018,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, District of Alaska}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-ak/pr/anchorage-man-sentenced-child-pornography-crimes-0}},
	keywords = {Tor, Cody James Cogley},
	month = {July 19,},
	title = {Anchorage Man Sentenced for Child Pornography Crimes},
	year = {2018}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-Northern-District-of-Indiana:2018,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, Northern District of Indiana}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndin/pr/dyer-man-sentenced-150-months-prison}},
	keywords = {Tor,James Struensee},
	month = {April 23,},
	title = {Dyer Man Sentenced To 150 Months in Prison For Accessing Child Pornography},
	year = {2018}}

@misc{U.S.-Attorneys-Office-Southern-District-of-Iowa:2020,
	author = {{U.S. Attorney's Office, Southern District of Iowa}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdia/pr/little-sioux-man-sentenced-200-months-prison-child-pornography}},
	keywords = {Tor, Jason Wickett},
	month = {September 9,},
	title = {Little Sioux Man Sentenced to 200 months in Prison for Child Pornography},
	year = {2020}}

@misc{Department-of-Justice-Office-of-Public-Affairs:2018,
	author = {{Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs}},
	howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/virginia-man-sentenced-five-years-prison-receiving-child-pornography-tor-network-forum}},
	keywords = {Tor, Nikolai Bosyk},
	month = {May 7,},
	title = {Virginia Man Sentenced to Five Years in Prison for Receiving Child Pornography on Tor Network Forum},
	year = {2018}}

@article{Guitton:2013,
	author = {Clement Guitton},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.07.031},
	journal = {Computers in Human Behavior},
	keywords = {Tor},
	number = {6},
	pages = {2805-2815},
	title = {A review of the available content on Tor hidden services: The case against further development},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.07.031},
	volume = {29},
	year = {2013}}

@inproceedings{Levine:2020,
	author = {Brian Neil Levine and Marc Liberatore and Brian Lynn and Matthew Wright},
	booktitle = {Proc. ACM Computer and Communications Security},
	doi = {10.1145/3372297.3417876},
	month = {November},
	title = {A Forensically Sound Method of Identifying Downloaders and Uploaders in Freenet},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3372297.3417876},
	year = {2020}}

@article{Cunha:2020,
	author = {da Cunha, Bruno Requi{\~a}o and MacCarron, P{\'a}draig and Passold, Jean Fernando and dos Santos, Luiz Walmocyr and Oliveira, Kleber A. and Gleeson, James P.},
	journal = {Scientific Reports (10.1038/s41598-019-56704-4)},
	number = {1},
	pages = {73},
	title = {Assessing police topological efficiency in a major sting operation on the dark web},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2020}}

@inproceedings{He:2019,
	author = {He, Siyu and He, Yongzhong and Li, Mingzhe},
	booktitle = {Proc.\ International Conference on Information Science and Systems (10.1145/3322645.3322691)},
	pages = {73--78},
	title = {{Classification of Illegal Activities on the Dark Web}},
	year = {2019}}

@article{Faizan:2019,
	author = {Faizan, Mohd and Khan, Raees Ahmad},
	journal = {First Monday (10.5210/fm.v24i5.9473)},
	month = {Apr.},
	number = {5},
	title = {Exploring and analyzing the dark Web: A new alchemy},
	volume = {24},
	year = {2019}}

@techreport{European-Union-Agency-for-Law-Enforcement-Cooperation:2018,
	address = {\url{https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/d7582d31-1b04-11e9-8d04-01aa75ed71a1/language-en/format-PDF/source-88547505}},
	author = {{European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation}},
	institution = {Europol},
	number = {(10.2813/858843)},
	title = {{Internet Organised Crime Threat Assessment}},
	year = {2018}}

@article{Owenson:2018,
	author = {Gareth Owenson and Sarah Cortes and Andrew Lewman},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diin.2018.09.005},
	issn = {1742-2876},
	journal = {Digital Investigation (10.1016/j.diin.2018.09.005)},
	keywords = {Tor, Zeronet},
	pages = {17-22},
	title = {The darknet's smaller than we thought: The life cycle of Tor Hidden Services},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diin.2018.09.005},
	volume = {27},
	year = {2018}}

@article{Dalins:2018,
	author = {Janis Dalins and Campbell Wilson and Mark Carman},
	journal = {Digital Investigation},
	pages = {62-71},
	title = {Criminal motivation on the dark web: A categorisation model for law enforcement},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S174228761730333X},
	volume = {24},
	year = {2018}}

@article{Bernaschi:2017,
	address = {New York, NY, USA},
	articleno = {24},
	author = {Bernaschi, Massimo and Celestini, Alessandro and Guarino, Stefano and Lombardi, Flavio},
	doi = {10.1145/3008662},
	issue_date = {September 2017},
	journal = {ACM Trans. Web},
	month = jul,
	number = {4},
	numpages = {26},
	publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
	title = {{Exploring and Analyzing the Tor Hidden Services Graph}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3008662},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2017}}

@article{Owen:2016,
	author = {G. {Owen} and N. {Savage}},
	journal = {IET Information Security},
	number = {3},
	pages = {113-118},
	title = {Empirical analysis of Tor Hidden Services},
	url = {https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/iet-ifs.2015.0121},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2016}}

@article{Moore:2016,
	author = {Daniel Moore and Thomas Rid},
	journal = {Survival (10.1080/00396338.2016.1142085)},
	number = {1},
	pages = {7-38},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	title = {Cryptopolitik and the Darknet},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2016.1142085},
	volume = {58},
	year = {2016}}

@techreport{Owenson:2015,
	author = {Gareth Huw Owenson and Nicholas John Savage},
	institution = {Centre for International Governance Innovation},
	month = {September 30},
	publisher = {Centre for International Governance Innovation},
	series = {Global Commission on Internet Governance},
	title = {{The Tor Dark Net}},
	url = {https://www.cigionline.org/publications/tor-dark-net},
	year = {2015}}

@inproceedings{Spitters:2014,
	author = {M. {Spitters} and S. {Verbruggen} and M. v. {Staalduinen}},
	booktitle = {IEEE Joint Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference},
	pages = {220-223},
	title = {Towards a Comprehensive Insight into the Thematic Organization of the Tor Hidden Services},
	url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6975577},
	year = {2014}}

@inproceedings{Biryukov:2014,
	author = {A. {Biryukov} and I. {Pustogarov} and F. {Thill} and R. {Weinmann}},
	booktitle = {Proc.\ IEEE Intl.\ Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops (10.1109/ICDCSW.2014.20)},
	pages = {188-193},
	title = {{Content and Popularity Analysis of Tor Hidden Services}},
	year = {2014}}

@article{Steel:2020,
	author = {Chad M.S. Steel and Emily Newman and Suzanne O'Rourke and Ethel Quayle},
	date-modified = {2025-08-27 16:53:44 -0400},
	journal = {Forensic Science International: Digital Investigation},
	title = {An integrative review of historical technology and countermeasure usage trends in online child sexual exploitation material offenders},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsidi.2020.300971},
	volume = {33},
	year = {2020}}

@inproceedings{Bursztein:2019,
	author = {Bursztein, Elie and Clarke, Einat and DeLaune, Michelle and Elifff, David M. and Hsu, Nick and Olson, Lindsey and Shehan, John and Thakur, Madhukar and Thomas, Kurt and Bright, Travis},
	booktitle = {The World Wide Web Conference},
	numpages = {7},
	pages = {2601--2607},
	title = {Rethinking the Detection of Child Sexual Abuse Imagery on the Internet},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3308558.3313482},
	year = {2019}}

@misc{U.S.-Dept.-of-Justice:2016,
	author = {{U.S.\ Dept.\ of Justice}},
	month = {April},
	title = {{The National Strategy for Child Exploitation Prevention and Interdiction: A Report to Congress}},
	url = {https://www.justice.gov/psc/file/842411/download},
	year = {2016}}

@inproceedings{Levine:2017,
	author = {Brian Neil Levine and Marc Liberatore and Brian Lynn and Matthew Wright},
	booktitle = {Proc. IEEE Intl. Wkshp. on Privacy Engineering},
	month = {May},
	pages = {25-32},
	title = {Statistical Detection of Downloaders in Freenet},
	year = {2017}}